Ukraine is the world’s largest exporter of sunflower seeds and oil. Together, Ukraine and Russia account for 80% of sunflower oil export worldwide, used in the oleochemical sector and, most importantly, in the food industry. With the current war hitting Ukrainian lands and people, shortages in supplies and export of cooking and industrial sunflower oil by leading producing countries made the prices skyrocketing in importing countries.

The European Union banned palm oil in 2018 and shifted to sunflower oil locally produced, considered a more sustainable biofuel alternative and healthier cooking product. However, food multinationals and local producers currently face a challenging choice: maintaining sustainable practices along their value chain or reincluding palm oil in their recipes of almost all packaged food and beauty products, from packed cookies and fries to toothpaste.

Together with other flex-crop monocultures such as soy, palm oil production is renowned as a major driver of deforestation. International corporations and agribusinesses are mainly responsible for land-grabbing. This phenomenon entails the forced acquisition of large pieces of land, often with attached violent dispossession of local peasant communities or indigenous people, and the subsequent exploitation of local natural and human resources to maximise their profit.

Forest losses derived from palm tree monoculture have devastating consequences on the environment, destroying local wildlife’s natural habitats and causing higher rates of CO2 released into the atmosphere, thus aggravating climate change. Besides having harmful effects on the environment, palm oil deforestation puts local communities’ sustenance and food security at risk.

Indonesia and Malaysia are the world-leading exporters of palm oil, accounting for 85% of the total export. In Latin America, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Brazil, and Ecuador are also in the top ten. In those countries, evading environmental regulations about logging proves a quite widespread activity, with attached socio-environmental consequences. Investigations carried out by a group of Mongabay Latam journalists uncover a lack of transparency about logging and 231 cases of unmet compliance with environmental laws.

The largest project developed in Guatemala by zeroCO2 aims to reconstruct the biomes destroyed by palm oil agribusinesses and provide local communities with the stolen independence. In our recent trip to the Petén area, we could see and intimately experience the results of various reforestation projects developed during the last two years of hard teamwork.

The current war in Ukraine is fueling a massive drawback in the hard-fought gains against palm oil crops and the reconstruction of those environments, increasingly jeopardising the reestablished ecosystems and communities.

• https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2022/03/01/news/guerra_russia_ucraina_crisi_aumento_prezzi_gas_petrolio_grano_mais-339674781/.
• https://www.corriere.it/economia/consumi/22_marzo_25/olio-palma-ritorno-manca-quello-girasole-importato-dall-ucraina-f87bd716-ab63-11ec-9633-df75bedaaa53.shtml.
• Curtis, Philip G, Christy M Slay, Nancy L Harris, Alexandra Tyukavina, and Matthew C Hansen. “Classifying Drivers of Global Forest Loss.” Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science) 361, no. 6407 (2018): 1108–1111. DOI: 10.1126/science.aau3445.
• Saturnino M. Borras Jr., Jennifer C. Franco, S. Ryan Isakson, Les Levidow & Pietje Vervest. (2016). “The Rise of Flex Crops and Commodities: Implications for Research. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 43 (1), 93-115. DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2015.1036417.
• https://www.wwf.org.uk/updates/8-things-know-about-palm-oil.
• https://news.mongabay.com/2022/01/across-latin-america-palm-oil-violations-abound-with-little-accountability/.
• https://www.politico.eu/article/ukraine-russia-war-palm-oil-comeback-green-groups-worried/.